# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Growth-Hormone-Axis Literature

> Ipamorelin references — the full cited literature behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links: the 1998 selectivity study, the human PK work, the failed Phase 2 trial, and the class-level data.

The peer-reviewed literature this digest is built on — each with a DOI or PubMed link, so the chart can be checked against the sky.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the numbered sources below. Where a finding comes from a study of a *related* compound rather than ipamorelin itself — the CJC-1295 axis work, the sermorelin review, the GSK894281 cardiac study — the entry says so, because keeping ipamorelin-specific evidence apart from class-level context is the whole discipline of this digest. Each citation carries a DOI or a PubMed/PMC link for direct verification.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(3):242-249. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386527/
[8] Walker RF. Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046908/
[9] Johansen PB, et al. Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue. Exp Diabesity Res. 2003;4:73-81. https://doi.org/10.1155/edr.2003.73
[10] Hansen BS, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141:180-189. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1410180
[11] Ahnfelt-Ronne I, et al. Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? Endocrine. 2001;14(1):133-135. https://doi.org/10.1385/endo:14:1:133
[12] Camilleri M, et al. Actions and therapeutic pathways of ghrelin for gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(6):343-352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2009.72
[13] Venkova K, et al. Prokinetic effects of a new ghrelin receptor agonist TZP-101 in a rat model of postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(9):2241-2248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-9783-7
[14] Mayfield CK, et al. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465251357593
[15] Renke G, et al. Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093890

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A star-chart reading of the ipamorelin record — the bright confirmed points (the 1998 selectivity, the ~2-hour human half-life) charted apart from the faint speculative ones, and the regulatory status read straight from the register; no clinic behind the atlas and nothing here dosed, compounded, prescribed, or sold.